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The Ultimate List of 50+ Online Clothing Stores to Stay Away From - Fast Fashion Brands to Avoid
Updated: 7 hours ago
"The True Cost of Your $5 T-Shirt"
Have you ever wondered how a t-shirt can cost less than your morning coffee? Behind the glossy ads and enticing deals of fast fashion lies a harsh reality—one that exploits workers, drains natural resources, and fills our landfills with yesterday’s trends. The very brands that promise affordable style are the same ones fueling environmental destruction and unethical labor practices on a global scale.
If you’re just starting your journey into sustainable living—or even if you’re simply curious—this guide will shed light on the online clothing stores to stay away from and why. By the end, you’ll not only know the names behind fast fashion but also understand the impact of your choices and how to shop more mindfully. Together, we can break free from the fast fashion cycle and move toward a more ethical and sustainable future.
The Worst Offenders: Fast Fashion Brands to Avoid
When it comes to fast fashion, a few big names dominate the market—and the damage. These brands have built their empires on a foundation of unsustainable practices, unethical labor, and unchecked overproduction. Here’s a closer look at some of the worst offenders and why they should be on your “do not shop” list:
1. Shein
Shein has become a household name for its ultra-cheap prices and endless product selection, but this comes at a staggering cost. The brand produces over 10,000 new items daily, fueling an unsustainable cycle of waste. Shein has also faced backlash for its lack of transparency, failing to disclose worker wages, factory conditions, or environmental policies. Many of its garments are made from synthetic materials like polyester, which contribute to microplastic pollution.
2. Zara
Zara revolutionized the fast fashion industry with its "just-in-time" manufacturing model, churning out new collections every two weeks. While the brand has introduced "sustainable" initiatives like its Join Life collection, critics argue this is greenwashing, as the company’s overall production levels remain alarmingly high. Zara’s business model thrives on overconsumption, making it one of the leading contributors to textile waste.
3. H&M
H&M is another giant in the fast fashion world, often praised for its efforts to promote recycling and sustainability. However, these programs barely scratch the surface of the brand’s environmental footprint. H&M produces billions of garments annually, much of which ends up in landfills or incinerators. Its Conscious Collection has faced scrutiny for using vague claims like “sustainably sourced” without offering tangible proof of improvements across its supply chain.
4. Forever 21
Forever 21’s focus on trendy, low-cost clothing has led to frequent labor violations and reports of unsafe factory conditions. The brand has been criticized for poor worker treatment, particularly in overseas factories, and its low-quality clothing often doesn’t last more than a few wears. Add to this its role in contributing to the overproduction of short-lived fashion trends, and it’s clear why Forever 21 should be avoided.
5. Boohoo
Boohoo’s business practices came under fire in 2020 when an investigation revealed garment workers in its UK supply chain were being paid as little as $4 an hour. Despite its promises to improve conditions, Boohoo continues to prioritize speed and volume over sustainability. The brand’s frequent flash sales and “buy now, wear once” mentality promote unsustainable consumer habits that harm the planet.
6. PrettyLittleThing
PrettyLittleThing thrives on creating ultra-trendy clothing at rock-bottom prices, appealing to young shoppers. However, this affordability comes at a cost: the brand has faced accusations of exploiting garment workers and contributing to the growing problem of disposable fashion. With constant sales and unsustainably high production rates, PrettyLittleThing fuels overconsumption while showing little commitment to ethical or eco-friendly practices.
7. Missguided
Missguided is notorious for its fast-paced production cycle, releasing new collections weekly to stay ahead of trends. This relentless output contributes to textile waste and environmental damage. Additionally, the brand has been criticized for using exploitative labor practices in its supply chain, with minimal transparency about how its clothing is made.
8. Fashion Nova
Known for its influencer-driven marketing, Fashion Nova capitalizes on the fast fashion model with its low-cost, body-conscious designs. The brand has faced significant scrutiny for underpaying workers in its Los Angeles factories, as well as contributing to excessive waste through its high-volume, low-quality production.
9. Romwe
A sister brand of Shein, Romwe mirrors its parent company’s model of mass production and rock-bottom prices. The brand offers little information about its labor practices or environmental impact, raising concerns about worker exploitation and the unsustainable nature of its operations. Romwe is another prime example of prioritizing profits over ethics.
10. Nasty Gal
Once a beloved indie brand, Nasty Gal has since been acquired by Boohoo and adopted its unsustainable practices. With low transparency and a reliance on cheap, synthetic materials, Nasty Gal contributes to the fast fashion cycle of disposable trends and environmental harm. Despite its claims of empowerment, the brand has done little to address its ethical shortcomings.
11. ASOS
ASOS is a major player in the fast fashion industry, offering a massive selection of affordable, trend-driven clothing. Despite some sustainability initiatives, the brand’s high production rates and reliance on synthetic fabrics undermine these efforts. ASOS has also faced criticism for failing to provide transparency around its labor practices, making it a questionable choice for conscious shoppers.
12. Primark
Primark is synonymous with ultra-low prices, but these cheap garments come with a hefty environmental and social cost. The brand’s reliance on mass production leads to significant textile waste, while its labor practices have been called into question, particularly regarding garment workers’ wages and safety in developing countries.
13. Mango
While Mango markets itself as a sophisticated fashion brand, its fast fashion roots run deep. The company produces collections at an unsustainable pace and uses materials that are far from eco-friendly. Mango’s attempts at sustainability lack transparency, leaving many of its claims unverified and its practices largely unchanged.
14. Topshop
Once a high street staple, Topshop has struggled to shake its fast fashion reputation. Now owned by ASOS, the brand continues to produce trendy clothing at a rapid pace, contributing to overconsumption and waste. Topshop’s lack of transparency regarding its supply chain and labor practices further solidifies its place among fast fashion offenders.
15. Uniqlo
Uniqlo is often perceived as a more ethical option due to its minimalist designs and longer-lasting clothing, but the reality is more complex. The brand has faced allegations of exploitative labor practices in its supply chain and has been slow to adopt meaningful sustainability measures. Despite some steps forward, Uniqlo’s massive production scale still makes it a contributor to the fast fashion problem.
16. Bershka
As part of the Inditex group, which owns Zara, Bershka operates under the same fast fashion model of frequent collections and low-cost clothing. The brand targets younger shoppers with trendy designs but relies heavily on synthetic fabrics and questionable labor practices, contributing to environmental harm and worker exploitation.
17. Stradivarius
Another Inditex brand, Stradivarius markets itself as chic and stylish, but its practices tell a different story. Like its sister brands, it prioritizes fast production cycles over sustainability, resulting in excessive textile waste. Stradivarius also lacks transparency regarding its supply chain and worker protections.
18. Pull & Bear
Pull & Bear combines casual style with fast fashion production, releasing new collections at an unsustainable rate. The brand’s heavy use of synthetic materials, combined with minimal transparency about labor practices, positions it as another Inditex subsidiary contributing to the global fast fashion crisis.
19. Cider
Cider is a newcomer in the fast fashion space, rapidly gaining popularity for its trendy, affordable clothing. However, the brand has been criticized for its reliance on synthetic fabrics and lack of transparency about its supply chain. Cider’s business model encourages overconsumption, making it a poor choice for those aiming to live sustainably.
20. Zaful
Zaful, another brand under the same umbrella as Shein and Romwe, is notorious for its ultra-cheap, disposable clothing. The brand’s lack of labor rights transparency and its environmental impact from synthetic-heavy production make it one of the worst offenders in the fast fashion world. Zaful’s practices epitomize the cycle of overproduction and waste.
21. Urban Outfitters
Urban Outfitters markets itself as trendy and edgy, but its business practices align closely with fast fashion. The brand has been criticized for underpaying workers and offering poor working conditions in its supply chain. Despite its premium pricing, Urban Outfitters frequently relies on synthetic materials and mass production, making it a significant contributor to environmental and social harm.
22. Charlotte Russe
Charlotte Russe targets young shoppers with its affordable, trendy clothing, but its practices are far from ethical. The brand’s reliance on rapid production cycles and low-quality fabrics results in high levels of waste. Additionally, Charlotte Russe has provided little transparency about its supply chain or worker protections.
23. Aeropostale
Aeropostale was once a go-to for affordable casual wear, but its fast fashion approach has significant downsides. The brand produces garments in large quantities, many of which are made from unsustainable materials. Aeropostale has faced criticism for its lack of transparency regarding its environmental and labor practices.
24. New Look
New Look is another fast fashion giant known for its budget-friendly clothing and constant stream of new collections. However, the brand’s production model relies on overconsumption, synthetic fabrics, and minimal supply chain transparency. Despite efforts to introduce more sustainable collections, New Look remains a key player in the fast fashion industry.
25. Cotton On
Cotton On’s affordable clothing and frequent sales have earned it a spot among fast fashion brands. The company has been criticized for its reliance on exploitative labor practices and its environmental footprint. While it has made some moves toward sustainability, its overall business model encourages overproduction and waste.
26. Rue21
Rue21 caters to teens and young adults with its budget-friendly, trendy apparel, but its business practices are deeply rooted in fast fashion. The brand heavily relies on synthetic materials, and its rapid production cycles encourage disposable fashion. Rue21 provides minimal transparency about its supply chain and labor practices, raising concerns about ethical and environmental standards.
27. Lulus
Though Lulus markets itself as a chic and affordable option for formalwear and casual clothing, it falls squarely into the fast fashion category. The brand’s frequent sales and constant flow of new arrivals contribute to overconsumption. Lulus also lacks meaningful efforts toward transparency and sustainability in its production processes.
28. Abercrombie & Fitch
Once synonymous with preppy fashion, Abercrombie & Fitch has adopted fast fashion practices to stay competitive. The brand’s focus on rapidly changing trends and mass production leads to significant waste. Additionally, it has been criticized for insufficient transparency regarding its labor practices and environmental impact.
29. Hollister
A subsidiary of Abercrombie & Fitch, Hollister targets a younger audience with its trendy, surf-inspired clothing. The brand relies on the same fast fashion model, with frequent product updates and a heavy use of synthetic fabrics. Hollister has made few meaningful strides toward sustainability, keeping it firmly in the fast fashion category.
30. PacSun
PacSun markets itself as a laid-back, California-inspired brand, but its practices align with fast fashion norms. The company frequently releases new collections and uses synthetic fabrics, contributing to waste and pollution. PacSun has also been criticized for a lack of transparency around its supply chain and worker conditions, making it a poor choice for conscious shoppers.
31. Aéropostale
Aéropostale, popular for its casual and affordable styles, operates firmly within the fast fashion framework. With constant sales and frequent turnover of inventory, the brand promotes overconsumption. Aéropostale has been criticized for its heavy reliance on synthetic fabrics and lack of transparency regarding its environmental and labor practices.
32. Garage
Garage appeals to teens and young adults with trendy, inexpensive clothing, but its practices mirror those of other fast fashion brands. The brand prioritizes rapid production and low prices over sustainability, using materials and methods that contribute to environmental degradation. Garage offers little insight into its supply chain or ethical practices.
33. Windsor
Windsor specializes in affordable occasion wear, but its reliance on fast fashion methods undermines its appeal. The brand frequently updates its collections to follow trends, encouraging disposable fashion. Windsor’s lack of transparency about its production practices raises concerns about labor conditions and environmental impact.
34. Tobi
Tobi, an online retailer known for its stylish and budget-friendly clothing, fits the fast fashion mold with its rapid inventory turnover. The brand uses synthetic fabrics and unsustainable production processes, contributing to waste and pollution. Like many fast fashion retailers, Tobi provides little transparency about its supply chain and worker conditions.
35. Dynamite
Dynamite is a Canadian-based fast fashion brand offering trendy clothing at affordable prices. Its frequent collections and use of synthetic materials highlight its unsustainable approach. The brand provides limited information on its labor practices and environmental impact, leaving consumers questioning its ethical standards.
36. Ardene
Ardene is a Canadian retailer known for its ultra-affordable clothing and accessories. The brand’s fast fashion business model relies on frequent inventory updates and low-cost synthetic fabrics, contributing to waste and pollution. Ardene offers little transparency about its supply chain or the working conditions of its garment workers.
37. Shien (Kidswear)
Shein’s kidswear line follows the same exploitative practices as its main brand. With ultra-cheap prices, frequent drops, and a lack of transparency about its supply chain, Shein Kidswear raises significant ethical and environmental concerns. The overproduction of disposable clothing makes it a major contributor to textile waste.
38. BoohooMAN
The men’s line of Boohoo reflects the same fast fashion issues as its parent brand. BoohooMAN relies on unethical labor practices, ultra-fast production cycles, and synthetic-heavy materials. Its lack of meaningful sustainability initiatives makes it a poor choice for consumers seeking ethical clothing options.
39. Ever Pretty
Ever Pretty specializes in affordable occasion wear like dresses and gowns, but its practices align with fast fashion. The brand relies on synthetic fabrics and mass production to keep prices low, leading to high environmental costs. Ever Pretty also provides minimal transparency about its ethical or sustainability efforts.
40. ModCloth
Once a beloved indie brand, ModCloth has shifted toward fast fashion practices since being acquired by Walmart and later Go Global Retail. The brand has faced criticism for its reliance on mass production and synthetic materials. ModCloth’s lack of transparency about its labor practices and environmental initiatives further solidifies its place in the fast fashion category.
41. Guess
Guess, known for its iconic denim and flashy designs, has been criticized for its fast fashion practices. The brand relies on frequent inventory updates and synthetic materials, contributing to textile waste and pollution. Despite its high-profile reputation, Guess has been slow to adopt meaningful sustainability measures and lacks transparency in its labor practices.
42. Quiz Clothing
Quiz Clothing focuses on affordable occasion wear and fast-turnaround trends, making it a typical fast fashion offender. The brand’s reliance on synthetic materials and mass production results in high levels of waste. Quiz Clothing has also been criticized for its lack of transparency in addressing labor and environmental issues.
43. George (Asda)
George, the clothing brand under UK supermarket chain Asda, offers extremely low-priced clothing as part of its fast fashion strategy. The brand relies on cheap production methods and synthetic materials, contributing to textile waste and pollution. George has done little to address concerns about its environmental and labor practices.
44. Simply Be
Simply Be markets itself as an inclusive brand, but its fast fashion practices overshadow its messaging. The brand produces frequent collections of low-cost clothing, with little emphasis on sustainability or ethical production. Like many fast fashion companies, Simply Be offers minimal supply chain transparency.
45. Dorothy Perkins
Dorothy Perkins, part of the Boohoo Group, operates under the same fast fashion business model as its parent company. With constant new collections and heavy use of synthetic fabrics, the brand prioritizes overproduction and profit. Dorothy Perkins has faced criticism for its lack of transparency and failure to address sustainability concerns.
46. Jacamo
Jacamo, a brand offering affordable menswear, is deeply rooted in the fast fashion model. Its focus on producing trendy clothing quickly and cheaply results in unsustainable practices. The brand offers little transparency about its supply chain, raising concerns about the treatment of workers and the environmental impact of its production.
47. Joe Fresh
Joe Fresh is known for its low-cost, family-friendly clothing, but its fast fashion practices are cause for concern. The brand’s reliance on synthetic materials and rapid production cycles contributes to significant textile waste. Joe Fresh has faced criticism for inadequate labor protections and a lack of sustainability initiatives.
48. Pepco
Pepco, a discount retailer popular in Europe, heavily relies on the fast fashion model, offering ultra-cheap clothing that encourages overconsumption. The brand has been criticized for its lack of transparency regarding environmental impact and labor practices, making it a poor choice for sustainability-minded consumers.
49. Lindex
Lindex, a Swedish retailer, has made some efforts to introduce sustainable collections, but the majority of its business remains rooted in fast fashion. With frequent inventory turnover and a reliance on synthetic fabrics, Lindex’s sustainability claims are often overshadowed by its high production rates and lack of transparency.
50. Matalan
Matalan offers budget-friendly clothing for the entire family but relies on fast fashion practices to do so. The brand’s frequent product launches and reliance on synthetic materials result in significant environmental damage. Matalan also lacks transparency regarding its supply chain and worker protections.
51. Kiabi
Kiabi, a French retailer, markets itself as affordable and family-friendly but operates under fast fashion principles. The brand’s high-volume production and synthetic-heavy materials contribute to waste and pollution. Kiabi’s lack of clear sustainability initiatives makes it a questionable choice for eco-conscious consumers.
52. Takko Fashion
Takko Fashion, a European discount retailer, is another fast fashion offender. Its ultra-low prices are achieved through high production rates and minimal attention to environmental or labor standards. Takko Fashion has provided little transparency about its supply chain, making it a brand to avoid for those pursuing sustainable living.
53. Temu
Temu, a rapidly growing online marketplace, has gained popularity for its extremely low prices and wide variety of products, including clothing. However, its business model is deeply tied to fast fashion, relying on mass production and synthetic materials that contribute to environmental degradation. Temu also lacks transparency about its supply chain and labor practices, making it a concerning choice for sustainability-conscious consumers.
Why Fast Fashion Stores Are Problematic
Fast fashion might seem like the perfect solution for keeping up with the latest trends without breaking the bank, but the true cost of those low prices is staggering. From environmental destruction to unethical labor practices, fast fashion stores are at the forefront of some of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. Here’s why these brands are problematic:
1. Overproduction and Waste
Fast fashion thrives on speed—designs move from the runway to production lines in a matter of weeks. This rapid turnover encourages massive overproduction, flooding the market with cheap clothing that is quickly discarded. On average, 85% of all textiles end up in landfills each year, where synthetic materials like polyester can take hundreds of years to decompose. Meanwhile, unsold inventory is often burned or destroyed, further contributing to environmental harm.
2. Unethical Labor Practices
The affordability of fast fashion comes at a steep human cost. Many brands rely on exploiting workers in developing countries, paying them poverty-level wages and forcing them to work in unsafe conditions. Sweatshops are still prevalent, and there have been countless reports of child labor and abuse within the supply chains of major fast fashion brands. When you buy a $10 dress, it’s worth asking: Who paid the real price?
3. Environmental Impact
The fashion industry is one of the most polluting industries in the world, and fast fashion plays a major role in this crisis. The production of cheap clothing requires vast amounts of water, energy, and chemicals, leading to widespread pollution. For instance:
Water Use: It takes over 2,700 liters of water to produce a single cotton t-shirt.
Toxic Chemicals: Dyeing and finishing processes release harmful chemicals into waterways, devastating local ecosystems and communities.
Microplastics: Synthetic fabrics like polyester shed tiny plastic particles with every wash, polluting oceans and harming marine life.
4. Greenwashing
In recent years, many fast fashion brands have launched so-called "sustainable" collections, using terms like “conscious,” “green,” and “eco-friendly” to appeal to environmentally conscious shoppers. However, these claims are often misleading. Without transparency or third-party certifications, these efforts amount to greenwashing—a marketing tactic designed to mask their unsustainable practices. For example, producing a single "sustainable" garment while churning out millions of unsustainable ones does little to offset their environmental impact.
By understanding these issues, we can start to recognize that the convenience and affordability of fast fashion come at a heavy cost—not just for the planet but for the people who make our clothes.
How to Spot Fast Fashion Brands
Fast fashion brands thrive on a business model designed for high speed and low cost, but their tactics often come at a steep price for people and the planet. Identifying these brands is a crucial step in making more informed, sustainable choices. Here’s how to recognize the red flags:
1. Extremely Low Prices
If an online store is offering clothes at prices that seem too good to be true, it’s likely they are. A $5 t-shirt or $10 dress often reflects hidden costs, such as exploitative wages, cheap materials, and corner-cutting on environmental practices. Ask yourself: How can an item be so cheap while covering fair labor, quality materials, and shipping?
2. Constantly Changing Collections
Fast fashion thrives on “micro seasons,” releasing new items weekly—or even daily—to keep consumers buying. If a brand has hundreds of new arrivals each month or markets “trendy must-haves,” it’s a strong indicator of unsustainable overproduction. This rapid turnover also promotes a culture of disposable fashion.
3. Lack of Transparency
Ethical brands typically share detailed information about their supply chains, materials, and labor practices. Fast fashion brands, on the other hand, often provide vague or non-existent answers to questions like:
Where are the clothes made?
Who makes them?
What materials are used?
If you can’t find this information easily, the brand may be hiding unethical practices.
4. Greenwashing Tactics
Some fast fashion brands attempt to appeal to conscious consumers by launching “eco-friendly” collections or using terms like “sustainable,” “organic,” or “green.” However, without clear certifications or transparent data to back up these claims, these efforts are often just greenwashing. Look for independent certifications like GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) or Fair Trade to ensure a brand’s sustainability claims are legitimate.
5. Overproduction and Excess Inventory
Take a close look at the brand’s website or social media presence. Do they seem to be overflowing with inventory? Fast fashion brands often produce excessive amounts of clothing to keep prices low and styles abundant. What doesn’t sell ends up in landfills or is incinerated, adding to environmental harm.
6. Synthetic-Heavy Materials
If a store’s clothing is primarily made from polyester, nylon, or other synthetic fabrics, it’s a sign of fast fashion. These materials are cheap to produce but come with high environmental costs, including microplastic pollution and high energy consumption. Look for brands that prioritize natural or recycled fibers instead.
By keeping an eye out for these warning signs, you can make more intentional decisions about where you shop. Spotting fast fashion isn’t just about saying no to certain brands—it’s about saying yes to ethical, sustainable alternatives that align with your values. Remember, every dollar you spend is a vote for the type of world you want to live in.
Call to Action: Rethink Your Shopping Habits
Fast fashion thrives on the cycle of impulsive buying, overconsumption, and waste. But you have the power to disrupt that cycle by rethinking how and where you shop. It’s not just about avoiding the worst offenders—it’s about embracing habits that align with your values and contribute to a more sustainable future.
1. Shop Less, Choose Well
One of the easiest ways to combat fast fashion is by simply buying fewer clothes. Ask yourself: Do I really need this? Focus on building a wardrobe with high-quality, versatile pieces that last for years rather than months. Investing in timeless designs and durable materials not only reduces waste but also saves you money in the long run.
2. Research Before You Buy
Many brands use terms like "sustainable" or "conscious" to attract eco-minded shoppers, but not all claims are genuine. Dig deeper into a brand’s practices before making a purchase. Look for transparency about their supply chain, materials, and certifications like Fair Trade or GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard). Websites like Good On You can help you evaluate a brand’s ethical and environmental impact.
3. Support Secondhand and Thrift Options
Thrift stores, consignment shops, and online platforms like ThredUp and Poshmark are excellent alternatives to fast fashion. Buying secondhand reduces demand for new production and gives clothing a second life. Plus, you can often find unique, high-quality items at a fraction of the price.
4. Explore Sustainable Brands
When you do need to buy something new, consider supporting brands that prioritize ethical production and environmental responsibility. While sustainable clothing can sometimes come with a higher price tag, it reflects the true cost of fair wages, eco-friendly materials, and responsible manufacturing. Every dollar you spend is a vote for the kind of world you want to support.
5. Take Care of What You Own
One of the most sustainable things you can do is extend the life of your clothes. Learn basic repair skills, wash garments with care, and avoid overwashing to keep them looking new longer. A little effort can significantly reduce your need to replace items.
By rethinking your shopping habits, you’re making a powerful statement against the fast fashion industry. Each small choice—whether it’s skipping a trendy purchase, thrifting a new favorite outfit, or supporting an ethical brand—adds up to create meaningful change. You’re not just rejecting harmful practices; you’re embracing a future where style and sustainability go hand in hand.
The question now is: Will you take the first step? It’s not about being perfect; it’s about being mindful. Start small, stay curious, and inspire others to do the same. Together, we can transform the way we think about fashion.
Conclusion: Your Choices Matter
Fast fashion may dominate the clothing industry, but its hold on your wardrobe is far from inevitable. The environmental damage, exploitation of workers, and throwaway culture perpetuated by brands like Shein, Zara, and H&M are challenges we can tackle—one choice at a time. By rethinking your shopping habits, you have the power to disrupt this harmful system and contribute to a more sustainable and ethical world.
Start by avoiding fast fashion brands and questioning the stories behind the clothes you buy. Opt for quality over quantity, support secondhand stores, and seek out brands that prioritize fair labor practices and eco-friendly materials. Most importantly, remember that every small step you take—whether it’s repairing an old favorite or saying no to the latest trend—helps reduce the demand for fast fashion.
Fashion should not come at the expense of the planet or the people who make our clothes. As you move forward, ask yourself: What kind of impact do I want my wardrobe to have? By choosing alternatives to fast fashion, you’re not just making a statement—you’re becoming part of a movement that values sustainability, fairness, and long-term change.
Your voice and actions matter. Let’s reject the harmful practices of fast fashion and embrace a future where clothing reflects care—for the environment, for workers, and for ourselves. The next time you shop, choose differently, choose thoughtfully, and inspire others to do the same. Together, we can make ethical and sustainable fashion the new normal.
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